Difference between revisions of "Mormon history"
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| − | The Church of Christ (the original name for the | + | The Church of Christ (the original name for the Church of Jesus Christ) was organized with six founding members in Fayette, New York on [[April 6]], [[1830]]. (The full name, [http://comeuntochrist.org The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints], was given by revelation in [[1838]].) The earliest members were almost all the family and friends of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Persecution in New York, coupled with strong growth in Kirtland, Ohio, caused the Church to move to that town. Subsequently the Church moved again, first to Western Missouri, then to Illinois, and ultimately across the great plains to the Rocky Mountains. All attempts to wipe out or dislodge the Saints from that region failed, and with the ending of official persecution at the close of the nineteenth century, the Church entered upon a sustained period of growth and prosperity, which continues to this day. In the nearly two hundred years of Church history, the restored gospel of Jesus Christ has spread from its headquarters in the American Midwest and finally Utah, to become an international church with most of its members living outside the United States. The history of so broad a movement cannot be adequately condensed, but in the pages that follow is an outline of Latter-day Saint history from 1820 to contemporary times. Links go to pages that give a fuller treatment of the time period. |
==[[New York Period]]== | ==[[New York Period]]== | ||
| − | [[image: Moroni Joseph Smith Mormon.jpg|250px|right|alt=Mormon History Moroni Visit to Joseph Smith Mormon|Moroni Visit to Joseph Smith Mormon]]In 1820 [[Joseph Smith]] has his [[First Vision|first vision]] where he sees God the Father and [[Jesus Christ]]. | + | [[image: Moroni Joseph Smith Mormon.jpg|250px|right|alt=Mormon History Moroni Visit to Joseph Smith Mormon|Moroni Visit to Joseph Smith Mormon]]In 1820 [[Joseph Smith]] has his [[First Vision|first vision]] where he sees God the Father and [[Jesus Christ]]. Three years later, when he is 17, The [[Angel Moroni]] appears to him and informs him of golden plates deposited in a nearby hill. He eventually receives the plates on September 22, 1827. He translates the [[Book of Mormon]], publishes it, receives the authority of the [http://www.mormon.org/mormonorg/eng/basic-beliefs/the-restoration-of-truth/the-restoration-of-the-priesthood Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods], and founds [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. [[Mormon missionaries|Missionaries]] go out and convert many. Persecution follows the Church. |
| − | + | <br> | |
<videoflash>jk-B13FDjfc&rel=0</videoflash> | <videoflash>jk-B13FDjfc&rel=0</videoflash> | ||
==[[Ohio Period]]== | ==[[Ohio Period]]== | ||
| − | + | Latter-day Saints move to Kirtland, Ohio. Joseph Smith receives many revelations. Many Saints move to Missouri, where they hope to build [[Zion]]. In Ohio, the Saints build their first [[Mormon temple|temple]]. Joseph translates the [[Book of Abraham]]. The [[Doctrine and Covenants]] is published. Missionaries begin going to Canada and England. The [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] is established. [[Zion's Camp]] is launched to help the persecuted Saints in Missouri. Finally, the Church moves to Missouri in 1838. | |
| + | <br> | ||
| + | <videoflash>Bt2b9zx4OuE&rel=0</videoflash> | ||
==[[Missouri Period]]== | ==[[Missouri Period]]== | ||
| − | + | Latter-day Saints first settle Jackson County, Missouri, in [[1831]]. By [[1833]], they are expelled by mobs after some are [[Tarred and Feathered|tarred and feathered]], and many are chased and attacked. They settle in Clay County temporarily and finally move to Caldwell and Daviess counties in [[1836]]. Tensions mount as mobs harass settlements of members of the Church. Some Saints fight back. One group of Latter-day Saints organizes the [[Danites]][http://www.jefflindsay.com/LDSFAQ/FQ_Missouri.shtml], who fight back. The Missouri war escalates as Joseph Smith and the Ohio Saints move to Missouri. Joseph Smith is arrested and thrown in jail for several months without trial. The [[Extermination Order]] expels all the Saints from Ohio. Dozens of members of the Church are massacred at [[Haun's Mill]]; others are burned out of their homes. The Saints flee to Illinois under the leadership of [[Brigham Young]] in one of the most brutal periods of Church history. | |
==[[Nauvoo and the Martyrdom]]== | ==[[Nauvoo and the Martyrdom]]== | ||
| − | The | + | The Saints establish a new city at [[Nauvoo, Illinois]]. In a few years it rivals Chicago for size. [[Mormon missionaries|Missionaries]] begin proselyting through Europe and have much success in England and Scandinavia. Members of the Church begin the [[Nauvoo Temple]]. Persecution continues both from Missouri and Illinois. Joseph Smith must frequently hide from enemies. Many important revelations come which teach about [[polygamy]], [[Baptism for the Dead|baptism for the dead]], [[Celestial marriage|celestial marriage]], and the [[Plan of Salvation|plan of salvation]]. In June [[1844]], Joseph Smith and his brother [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]] are murdered. The [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] leads the Church. They finish the temple in 1846, but are driven out that same year. |
==[[Westward Migration]]== | ==[[Westward Migration]]== | ||
| − | After expulsion from Illinois, the | + | After expulsion from Illinois, the Saints scatter throughout Iowa. Finally, they establish the [[Mormon Trail]] to Utah. The [[Mormon Battalion]] participates in the U.S.-Mexican War and explores California. The [[Mormon Pioneers]] cross the Great Plains and establish cities in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and Idaho. Ultimately they push on into northern Mexico and southern Canada. For ten years the Church of Jesus Christ has peace in the Rocky Mountains. |
==The [[Utah War]]== | ==The [[Utah War]]== | ||
| − | Political pressure and lies from former Utah officials cause U.S. President James Buchanan to send Johnston's Army to Utah to quell a nonexistent rebellion. | + | Political pressure and lies from former Utah officials cause U.S. President James Buchanan to send Johnston's Army to Utah to quell a nonexistent rebellion. Brigham Young, who was governor, is dismissed from office but is not notified about it. Afraid to be driven again, the Latter-day Saints harass the invading army by burning grass and scattering horses. Finally, the army realizes that no rebellion is occurring and they conclude a peace. Unfortunately, fears caused by the invasion drive some Saints to massacre settlers bound for California at a place called [[Mountain Meadows massacre|Mountain Meadows]]. This is the most regrettable event in Church history. Many hundreds of Saints lost their lives through persecution and the forced journey west, but this terribly wrong action of a few members of the Church has reverberated through time. |
==[[Post-Civil War Persecution]]== | ==[[Post-Civil War Persecution]]== | ||
| − | The | + | The Saints are generally left alone during the U.S. Civil War and continue missionary work throughout the world, going into Mexico and South America and parts of Asia and Europe. After the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passes several laws that outlaw [[polygamy]]. They ultimately jail thousands of Saints. Others are forbidden to vote, hold office, or own property. Loyalty oaths are instituted to keep Latter-day Saints out of jobs. Some Saints flee to Mexico and Canada. Church leaders go into hiding. Finally, after receiving revelation from the Lord, the Church stops polygamy and excommunicates those who continue to practice it; the rest are pardoned by U.S. President Grover Cleveland. The Church begins to grow once more and thousands of European Saints come to Utah. |
==[[Stability and Growth]]== | ==[[Stability and Growth]]== | ||
| − | The next few decades are relatively peaceful. | + | The next few decades are relatively peaceful. The Church of Jesus Christ is able to regain its property, though it would be some time before they pay off all the debts brought on by persecution. Saints still must fight to hold government offices. [[Reed Smoot]], a Latter-day Saint [[Apostle]], must fight for two years to take his seat in the U.S. Senate after being elected. President [[Joseph F. Smith]] receives an important revelation about [[salvation for the dead]]. The Church celebrates its centennial and begins buying historic sites. The [[Church Welfare Program]] is developed during the Great Depression to help members affected by the depression. At this point, most Latter-day Saints begin staying in their own countries, rather than moving to Utah. Missionary work continues in South American and the Pacific Islands where thousands join the Church. Temples are built in Canada, Europe, New Zealand, and Hawaii. During World War II, Latter-day Saints find themselves on both sides of the conflict and members of the Church of Jesus Christ are among those trapped behind the Iron Curtain after the war. |
==[[International Growth]]== | ==[[International Growth]]== | ||
| − | Following World War II, the | + | Following World War II, the Church of Jesus Christ begins to grow exponentially. More temples are built throughout the United States, Europe, Central and South America, and the Pacific Islands. One temple is even built in East Germany while under Soviet control. President [[David O. McKay]] becomes the most widely traveled [[Mormon president|Church president]]. The Church expands its welfare and humanitarian programs and renders valuable aid in the reconstruction of Europe and Japan. Missionary training centers are established to help missionaries learn the many languages of the Church. David O. McKay encourages all members to be missionaries and one of his successors, [[Spencer W. Kimball]], receives a revelation that all male members should serve as missionaries. Soon, the missionary force of the Church climbs to over 50,000. All this growth leads to the correlation program which streamlines Church government and Church programs to eliminate waste and duplication. Growth of the Church in Brazil and Africa causes [[Mormon prophet|President]] [[Spencer W. Kimball]] to pray about the ban on blacks from [[Priesthood|priesthood]] ordination. In [[1978]], he receives a revelation from God that all worthy male members may receive the priesthood. Soon the Church grows exponentially in Brazil and Africa. In the 1980s the Church concentrates on translating the [[Book of Mormon]] into dozens of world languages and Latter-day Saints answer the call to "flood the earth" with it. |
==[[Contemporary Developments]]== | ==[[Contemporary Developments]]== | ||
| − | Since the early [[1990s]], the | + | Since the early [[1990s]], the Church of Jesus Christ has surpassed 16,000,000 members worldwide. Much of this growth has occurred in South America and Africa as well as in the countries of the former Soviet Union, especially Russia. By the late 1990s, more Latter-day Saints live outside the United States than within. This growth requires hundreds of new church buildings a year. In [[1995]], [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] becomes president. He surpasses David O. McKay as most widely traveled Church president. He issues the [[Proclamation to the World]] concerning the breakdown of the family, and [[the Living Christ]], about the mission of [[Jesus Christ]]. He receives a revelation calling for more temples to be built and by the year [[2000]], more than 100 temples are in operation worldwide, including places such as China, Japan, more in the Philippines, three in Africa, and dozens in North and South America and Europe. For many Latter-day Saints, the rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple, destroyed by arsonists in 1846, marks a crowning point in their lives in Church history. Latter-day Saints also celebrated the sesquicentennial of the Mormon Pioneers' journey to Utah and in [[2005]], they celebrated the bicentennial of Joseph Smith's birth. |
| + | |||
| + | The Church celebrated the 200th anniversary of the [[First Vision]] in the months leading up to and culminating with the April 2020 General Conference. The State of Kuwait officially recognized The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 2019. Temples continued to be completed, dedicated, and announced, even while the world shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of 2020, 168 temples were operating; 7 temples were being renovated, including the [[Salt Lake Temple]]; 12 temples were under construction; and 51 temples were announced (including temples in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Shanghai, People's Republic of China). Since becoming President of the Church, President [[Russell M. Nelson]] has visited 23 nations and territories and 37 cities, flying 83,000 miles on 6 continents during 2018 and 2019. President Nelson has emphasized the gathering of Israel, staying on the covenant path, and the proper use of the name of the Church. Several Church policy changes were announced during 2018 and 2019. | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:06, 21 August 2021
The Church of Christ (the original name for the Church of Jesus Christ) was organized with six founding members in Fayette, New York on April 6, 1830. (The full name, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was given by revelation in 1838.) The earliest members were almost all the family and friends of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Persecution in New York, coupled with strong growth in Kirtland, Ohio, caused the Church to move to that town. Subsequently the Church moved again, first to Western Missouri, then to Illinois, and ultimately across the great plains to the Rocky Mountains. All attempts to wipe out or dislodge the Saints from that region failed, and with the ending of official persecution at the close of the nineteenth century, the Church entered upon a sustained period of growth and prosperity, which continues to this day. In the nearly two hundred years of Church history, the restored gospel of Jesus Christ has spread from its headquarters in the American Midwest and finally Utah, to become an international church with most of its members living outside the United States. The history of so broad a movement cannot be adequately condensed, but in the pages that follow is an outline of Latter-day Saint history from 1820 to contemporary times. Links go to pages that give a fuller treatment of the time period.
Contents
New York Period
Ohio Period
Latter-day Saints move to Kirtland, Ohio. Joseph Smith receives many revelations. Many Saints move to Missouri, where they hope to build Zion. In Ohio, the Saints build their first temple. Joseph translates the Book of Abraham. The Doctrine and Covenants is published. Missionaries begin going to Canada and England. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is established. Zion's Camp is launched to help the persecuted Saints in Missouri. Finally, the Church moves to Missouri in 1838.
Missouri Period
Latter-day Saints first settle Jackson County, Missouri, in 1831. By 1833, they are expelled by mobs after some are tarred and feathered, and many are chased and attacked. They settle in Clay County temporarily and finally move to Caldwell and Daviess counties in 1836. Tensions mount as mobs harass settlements of members of the Church. Some Saints fight back. One group of Latter-day Saints organizes the Danites[1], who fight back. The Missouri war escalates as Joseph Smith and the Ohio Saints move to Missouri. Joseph Smith is arrested and thrown in jail for several months without trial. The Extermination Order expels all the Saints from Ohio. Dozens of members of the Church are massacred at Haun's Mill; others are burned out of their homes. The Saints flee to Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in one of the most brutal periods of Church history.
Nauvoo and the Martyrdom
The Saints establish a new city at Nauvoo, Illinois. In a few years it rivals Chicago for size. Missionaries begin proselyting through Europe and have much success in England and Scandinavia. Members of the Church begin the Nauvoo Temple. Persecution continues both from Missouri and Illinois. Joseph Smith must frequently hide from enemies. Many important revelations come which teach about polygamy, baptism for the dead, celestial marriage, and the plan of salvation. In June 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum are murdered. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles leads the Church. They finish the temple in 1846, but are driven out that same year.
Westward Migration
After expulsion from Illinois, the Saints scatter throughout Iowa. Finally, they establish the Mormon Trail to Utah. The Mormon Battalion participates in the U.S.-Mexican War and explores California. The Mormon Pioneers cross the Great Plains and establish cities in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and Idaho. Ultimately they push on into northern Mexico and southern Canada. For ten years the Church of Jesus Christ has peace in the Rocky Mountains.
The Utah War
Political pressure and lies from former Utah officials cause U.S. President James Buchanan to send Johnston's Army to Utah to quell a nonexistent rebellion. Brigham Young, who was governor, is dismissed from office but is not notified about it. Afraid to be driven again, the Latter-day Saints harass the invading army by burning grass and scattering horses. Finally, the army realizes that no rebellion is occurring and they conclude a peace. Unfortunately, fears caused by the invasion drive some Saints to massacre settlers bound for California at a place called Mountain Meadows. This is the most regrettable event in Church history. Many hundreds of Saints lost their lives through persecution and the forced journey west, but this terribly wrong action of a few members of the Church has reverberated through time.
Post-Civil War Persecution
The Saints are generally left alone during the U.S. Civil War and continue missionary work throughout the world, going into Mexico and South America and parts of Asia and Europe. After the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passes several laws that outlaw polygamy. They ultimately jail thousands of Saints. Others are forbidden to vote, hold office, or own property. Loyalty oaths are instituted to keep Latter-day Saints out of jobs. Some Saints flee to Mexico and Canada. Church leaders go into hiding. Finally, after receiving revelation from the Lord, the Church stops polygamy and excommunicates those who continue to practice it; the rest are pardoned by U.S. President Grover Cleveland. The Church begins to grow once more and thousands of European Saints come to Utah.
Stability and Growth
The next few decades are relatively peaceful. The Church of Jesus Christ is able to regain its property, though it would be some time before they pay off all the debts brought on by persecution. Saints still must fight to hold government offices. Reed Smoot, a Latter-day Saint Apostle, must fight for two years to take his seat in the U.S. Senate after being elected. President Joseph F. Smith receives an important revelation about salvation for the dead. The Church celebrates its centennial and begins buying historic sites. The Church Welfare Program is developed during the Great Depression to help members affected by the depression. At this point, most Latter-day Saints begin staying in their own countries, rather than moving to Utah. Missionary work continues in South American and the Pacific Islands where thousands join the Church. Temples are built in Canada, Europe, New Zealand, and Hawaii. During World War II, Latter-day Saints find themselves on both sides of the conflict and members of the Church of Jesus Christ are among those trapped behind the Iron Curtain after the war.
International Growth
Following World War II, the Church of Jesus Christ begins to grow exponentially. More temples are built throughout the United States, Europe, Central and South America, and the Pacific Islands. One temple is even built in East Germany while under Soviet control. President David O. McKay becomes the most widely traveled Church president. The Church expands its welfare and humanitarian programs and renders valuable aid in the reconstruction of Europe and Japan. Missionary training centers are established to help missionaries learn the many languages of the Church. David O. McKay encourages all members to be missionaries and one of his successors, Spencer W. Kimball, receives a revelation that all male members should serve as missionaries. Soon, the missionary force of the Church climbs to over 50,000. All this growth leads to the correlation program which streamlines Church government and Church programs to eliminate waste and duplication. Growth of the Church in Brazil and Africa causes President Spencer W. Kimball to pray about the ban on blacks from priesthood ordination. In 1978, he receives a revelation from God that all worthy male members may receive the priesthood. Soon the Church grows exponentially in Brazil and Africa. In the 1980s the Church concentrates on translating the Book of Mormon into dozens of world languages and Latter-day Saints answer the call to "flood the earth" with it.
Contemporary Developments
Since the early 1990s, the Church of Jesus Christ has surpassed 16,000,000 members worldwide. Much of this growth has occurred in South America and Africa as well as in the countries of the former Soviet Union, especially Russia. By the late 1990s, more Latter-day Saints live outside the United States than within. This growth requires hundreds of new church buildings a year. In 1995, Gordon B. Hinckley becomes president. He surpasses David O. McKay as most widely traveled Church president. He issues the Proclamation to the World concerning the breakdown of the family, and the Living Christ, about the mission of Jesus Christ. He receives a revelation calling for more temples to be built and by the year 2000, more than 100 temples are in operation worldwide, including places such as China, Japan, more in the Philippines, three in Africa, and dozens in North and South America and Europe. For many Latter-day Saints, the rebuilding of the Nauvoo Temple, destroyed by arsonists in 1846, marks a crowning point in their lives in Church history. Latter-day Saints also celebrated the sesquicentennial of the Mormon Pioneers' journey to Utah and in 2005, they celebrated the bicentennial of Joseph Smith's birth.
The Church celebrated the 200th anniversary of the First Vision in the months leading up to and culminating with the April 2020 General Conference. The State of Kuwait officially recognized The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 2019. Temples continued to be completed, dedicated, and announced, even while the world shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of 2020, 168 temples were operating; 7 temples were being renovated, including the Salt Lake Temple; 12 temples were under construction; and 51 temples were announced (including temples in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Shanghai, People's Republic of China). Since becoming President of the Church, President Russell M. Nelson has visited 23 nations and territories and 37 cities, flying 83,000 miles on 6 continents during 2018 and 2019. President Nelson has emphasized the gathering of Israel, staying on the covenant path, and the proper use of the name of the Church. Several Church policy changes were announced during 2018 and 2019.
External Links
