Difference between revisions of "Relief Society"

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:* [[Emma Hale Smith]] (1842–1844)
 
:* [[Emma Hale Smith]] (1842–1844)
 
:* [[Eliza R. Snow]] (1868–1887)
 
:* [[Eliza R. Snow]] (1868–1887)
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:* Zina D. H. Young (1888–1901)
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:* [[Zina D. H. Young]] (1888–1901)
 
:* Bathsheba W. Smith (1901–1910)
 
:* Bathsheba W. Smith (1901–1910)
 
:* Emmeline B. Wells (1910–1921)
 
:* Emmeline B. Wells (1910–1921)

Revision as of 19:36, 1 May 2006

The Relief Society Seal
The Relief Society is the women's organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Founded in 1842 in Nauvoo, Illinois the organization, with the motto "Charity Never Faileth," today includes more than 5.2 million women in over 170 countries. All Mormon women age 18 and older are members of the Relief Society.


Relief Society Motto and Declaration

The motto of the Relief Society, which is found in Moroni 7:46 as well as 1 Corinthians 13:8 is "Charity never faileth".

The Relief Society Declaration states:

We are beloved spirit daughters of God, and our lives have meaning, purpose, and direction. As a worldwide sisterhood, we are united in our devotion to Jesus Christ, our Savior and Exemplar. We are women of faith, virtue, vision, and charity who:
  • Increase our testimonies of Jesus Christ through prayer and scripture study.
  • Seek spiritual strength by following the promptings of the Holy Ghost.
  • Dedicate ourselves to strengthening marriages, families, and homes.
  • Find nobility in motherhood and joy in womanhood.
  • Delight in service and good works.
  • Love life and learning.
  • Stand for truth and righteousness.
  • Sustain the priesthood as the authority of God on earth.
  • Rejoice in the blessings of the temple, understand our divine destiny, and strive for exaltation.

Relief Society Objectives

  • Build faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and teach the doctrines of the kingdom.
  • Emphasize the divine worth of each sister.
  • Exercise charity and nurture those in need.
  • Strengthen and protect families.
  • Serve and support each sister.
  • Help sisters become full participants in the blessings of the priesthood.

A large part of meeting these objectives is the Relief Society's Visiting Teaching program. In this program, two women are asked to look after and visit other women in the ward at least once a month. This usually involves some sort of spiritual message and a chance for the women to get to know one another and strengthen each other. Through Visiting Teaching, every woman has someone to watch over them and the bonds of sisterhood are strengthened.

History of Relief Society

Women in the Church Before 1842

Women have always been an integral part of Mormon Church service. They have voted side by side on all questions submitted to the Church membership for vote since its inception in 1830. Mormon women were present at the first meeting of the Church on April 6, 1830, and were among the first individuals baptized.

The steadfast service of women have long been noted by Latter-day Saint leadership. Observing a band of sisters working on the temple veil the Prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. observed, "Well, sisters, you are always on hand. The sisters are always first and foremost in all good works. Mary was the first at the resurrection; and the sisters now are the first to work on the inside of the temple." (History of Relief Society 1842-1966, page 19)

1842 Organization of the Relief Society: The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo

In the spring of 1842, Sarah M. Kimball and her seamstress, Miss Cook, discussed combining their efforts to assist the efforts of workers on the Nauvoo Temple. They determined to invite their neighbors to combine efforts and assist in creating a Ladies' Society. Kimball asked Eliza R. Snow to write a constitution and by-laws for the organization for submission to Joseph Smith, Jr. for review.

After reviewing the notes, Joseph commented that "this is not what you want.... [The Lord] has something better for them than a written constitution. ... I will organize the sisters under the priesthood after a pattern of the priesthood." He further said, "The Church was never fully organized until the women were thus organized." (as quoted in History of Relief Society 1842-1966, p. 18)

Eighteen women gathered on Thursday, 17 March 1842 in the second story meeting room over Joseph Smith's Red Brick Store in Nauvoo, Illinois. Joseph Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards sat on the platform at the upper end of the room with the women facing them. "The Sprit of God Like A Fire is Burning" was sung, and John Taylor opened the meeting with prayer. Joseph Smith then organized the women in attendance who where:

  • Emma Hale Smith
  • Sarah M. Cleveland
  • Phebe Ann Hawkes
  • Elizabeth Jones
  • Sophia Packard
  • Philinda Merrick
  • Martha Knight
  • Desdemona Fulmer
  • Elizabeth Ann Whitney
  • Leonora Taylor
  • Bathsheba W. Smith
  • Phebe M. Wheeler
  • Elvira A. Coles (Cowles; later Elivira A. C. Holmes)
  • Margaret A. Cook
  • Sarah M. Kimball
  • Eliza R. Snow
  • Sophia Robinson
  • Sophia R. Marks

Joseph Smith stated "the object of the Society--that the Society of Sisters might provoke the brethren to good works in looking to the wants of the poor--searching after objects of charity and in administering to their wants--to assist by correcting morals and strengthening the virtues of the community, and save the Elders the trouble of reubuking; that they may five their time to other duties, &c, in their public teaching." (History of Relief Society 1842-1966, p. 18)

The prophet also proposed that the women elect a presiding officer who would choose two counsellors to assist her. Joseph's wife, Emma Hale Smith, was elected unanimously as president. She chose Sarah M. Cleveland and Elizabeth Ann Whitney as her two counselors. John Taylor was appointed to ordain the women and did so. After discussion, it was unanimously agreed that the name of the fledgling organization be changed to "The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo."

Joseph Smith then offered five dollars in gold to commence the funds of the Society and the men left the room.

Eliza R. Snow was unanimously elected as secretary, Phebe M. Wheeler as Assistant Secretary, and Elvira A. Coles, Treasurer. Emma Smith remarked that each member should be ambitious to do good and seek out and relieve the distressed. Several female members then made donations to the Society.

The men returned, and John Taylor and Willard Richards also made donations. After singing "Come Let Us Rejoice," the meeting was adjourned to meet on the following Thursday at 10 o'clock. ohn Taylor then gave a closing prayer.

Later in his journal, the Prophet recorded: "I attended by request the Female Relief Society, whose object is the relief of the poor, the destitute, the widow, and the orphan, and for the exercise of all benevolent purposes" (History of Relief Society 1842-1966, p. 61).

1842 to 1844

During the first few years of the organization, the Relief Society helped raise funds for the Nauvoo Temple, sewed clothes for the men working on its construction, nursed and cared for the sick and poor, and generally gave assistance where it was needed. By its tenth meeting on 27 May, 1842, the Society had grown so large that there was no hall large enough to accommodate the membership. All subsequent meetings were held in the Grove, the usual place of holding Sabbath meetings during summer months.

Anxious to do their part to help with temple building, Society minutes record sisters offering a variety of items, included socks, money, soap, clothes, milk, and thread. Sisters also housed men while working on the Temple and loaded wagons to collect wool. Those who may have had little else to offer donated time and their skills at making clothing repairs.

In the summer of 1842 the Female Relief Society circulated a petition signed by its members to Governor Carlin "for protection from illegal suits then pending against the Prophet Joseph Smith." The Prophet was deeply moved by the action and expressed his gratitude by saying:

"The Female Relief Society have taken a most active part in my welfare against my enemies...if these measures had not been taken, more serious consequences would have resulted.... The Society have done well: thier principles are to practice holiness." (History of Relief Society 1842-1966 page 22)

The first annual report of the Female Relief Society made 16 March, 1843, reported receipt of "money, clothing, provisions, &c., &c," totalling $507.00. Of that amount, $306.48 was appropriated for the relief of the poor. One of the items purchased for the poor by the Society with that money was a cow for the use of "the widow H."

During the Society's 7 July, 1843, meeting, mention was made of the desperate circumstances of a widower with nine children. Sisters banded together and provided the family with a number of items including pantaloons, mittens, and thread. Sick men were taken in by some, and others stated thier willingness to do anything that was needed. Meetings of the Society continued until March 1844.

1844 to 1868

The meeting recorded 16 March 1844 in the Female Relief Society Book of Records was the last meeting held in Nauvoo by the Society. After Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith were shot at Carthage, Illinois, on 27 June, 1844, all efforts were put toward finishing the building of the Nauvoo Temple before the exodus west.

Eliza R. Snow carried the Society's Book of Records with her as she fled Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1846. Elizabeth Ann Whitney conducted a few Relief Society meetings that year in Winter Quarters, Nebraska.

During the 1850s, while church members tried to gain a foothold in the Utah desert, church meetings were held irregularly. However, several wards in Utah had temporary Relief Society organizations. Among their purposes was the feeding and clothing of Native Americans. Though these women were poor themselves, they felt the need of Native Americans exceeded their own. Records are scant, but we do know in 1854 an Indian Relief Society was formed in the Thirteenth Ward Meeting House with Matilda Dudley as President and Martha J. Corary as secretary. That organization continued for three years and kept complete minutes and financial reports.

In 1855, Brigham Young instructed the women "to form themselves into societies ... to clothe the Lamanite children and women," and also "the poor brethren." (as quoted in Derr, Cannon, Beecher; Women of Covenant; page 77) These societies were to be established in each ward and to be initiated by bishops.

The following year, the Provo Relief Society collected clothing for handcart pioneers trapped in early snows of that year. Said Lucy Meserve Smith, "The sisters stripped of their petticoats, stockings, an everything they could spare, right there in the Tabernacle, and piled [them] into wagons to send to the saints in the mountains." (as quoted in Derr, Cannon, Beecher; Women of Covenant; page 77)

In 1858 records for Relief Societies in ten Salt Lake City wards and in several other wards in Ogden, Provo, Spanish Fork, and Nephi, Utah exist. Later that year, the arrival of Johnston's army interrupted the regularity of the work of the Society where it had begun. These fledgling ward Relief Societies were disrupted when displaced families separated from their ward groups and located wherever housing or work could be found. Only the societies in the southernmost areas of Utah remained functioning. It is believed that fewer than five Relief Societies survived this upheaval.

Seeking "not only for the relief of the poor, but the accomplishment of every good and noble work" ("Female Relief Society," Deseret News, April 22, 1868) Brigham Young called Eliza R. Snow, to assist bishops in organizing permanent branches of the Relief Society in all Church units in the year 1868. She and nine other sisters began visiting wards and settlements, and at the end of the year, organizations existed in all twenty Salt Lake City wards, in nearly every county in Utah, and other nearby communities.

Meetings were held semi-monthly. One meeting per month was devoted to sewing and caring for the needs of the poor, and at the other meeting, members received instructions and encouragement from the discussion of elevating and educational themes and bore testimonies.

1868 - 1890

The term "Female" was officially dropped from the organization's title in 1873.

In 1877, the first "Stake" Relief Society was organized in Ogden by Brigham Young. This centralization organized a number of Relief Societies under one president.

World War II Relief Efforts

In 1945, Relief Society turned its efforts toward the pressing need in Europe for assistance after World War II. Nearly 30,000 Saints lived in Europe and England. About half of these members were in Germany where receiving aid was the most difficult. When Church president George Albert Smith visited Washington DC to offer assistance, United States President Harry S. Truman asked how long it would take for the Church to gather supplies. He was astonished to find that food, clothing, and bedding were ready and waiting. Over 3,300 quilts, hand made by Relief Society sisters, were included in that impressive stockpile.

Members living in countries liberated by the Allies could receive eleven-pound packages immediately, and so the Church sent one relief package to each of the 7,245 Mormons in those countries. The immediate availablility of those stockpiled supplies allowed the Church to relieve many suffering European Saints during the unusually harsh winter of 1945-1946.

The Fifties

During the 1950s, Relief Societies were organized at Brigham Young University, and younger women, who had previously viewed Relief Society as a club for old women, became officers and teachers in societies themselves. Also during the 50s, social service classes were discontinued, and instead, Relief Society officers received instruction at ward, stake, and regional welfare meetings. The intended collaboration between Bishop and Relief Society President on unit welfare issues became more clear, but the Relief Society maintained some separate welfare services including women's employment, adoptions, Indian student placement, and foster care.

Changes to Relief Society, 1970-1971

From the founding of Relief Society, women paid annual dues to become members and held bazaars or other events to raise funds. Beginning in June 1970, this policy was discontinued by the Presidency of the Church, placing, in their words, "the duty of fundraising where it belongs, on the Priesthood." (Derr, Cannon, Beecher; Women of Covenant; page 341) Relief Society operating funds were turned over to priesthood leaders, and officers received moneys from ward budgets subject to authorization from those priesthood leaders. Loss of financial autonomy was difficult for the sisters, but President Belle S. Spafford's acceptance of the new instructions helped women adjust.

Prior to 1970, one of the duties of Visiting Teachers was the collection of dues, instead Visiting Teachers were directed to provide service instead of gather money.

For years, each Church auxilliary had published its own magazine. In January 1971, The Relief Society Magazine was replaced by the Ensign, intended for all adult members of the Church.

In a directive published in May 1971, all Mormon women age 18 and older were considered members of Relief Society on September 1 of that year. Sisters would no longer be accepted into the Society by vote.

These changes and others were part of an effort made by Church leadership to correlate the efforts of the auxilliaries of the Church. With a growing worldwide Church membership, it was necessary to consolidate and simplify Church publications and eliminate departments with overlapping functions.

Growth of the Relief Society

Two years after its organization, the Relief Society had grown from a membership of 18 to 1,341. One hundred years later, in 1942, membership in the organization was approximately 115,000 women, growing to 300,000 members in 1966. Today, (2006) the Relief Society has 5.2 million female members in over 170 countries.

The Relief Society Today

The Relief Society meets each Sunday (excluding conferences) during regular Sunday worship services. Weekly lesson topics include messages from former prophets, current Church leaders, and lessons planned by the local Relief Society presidency to meet local needs.

Relief Society sisters also gather four times a year for Home, Family, and Personal Enrichment Meetings. These meetings are organized and planned by local Relief Society leaders to meet spiritual needs in their locations. At Enrichment Meetings, women strengthen each other in their common roles as wives, mothers, sisters in Zion, and daughters of God. One Enrichment Meeting per year is held to commemorate the organization of the Relief Society.

Enrichment Activities are held as needs arise. They are planned by local Relief Society presidencies to meet the needs of specific groups within the Relief Society that share similar interests or needs. For example, a group of Relief Society sisters might meet together at an Enrichment Activity to exercise, have a child's playgroup, learn gardening skills, learn about estate planning, socialize, or do family history work. Visitors are welcome to attend Enrichment meetings or activities.

Groups of several Relief Societies meet together twice annually for Stake Enrichment Meetings planned by stake Relief Society leaders. One of these meetings corresponds with the annual Relief Society General Broadcast, when the Relief Society General Presidency and a priesthood leader address Mormon women 18 and older by satellite transmission.

During one of the Relief Society's annual conferences, President Bonnie D. Parkin (2002-Present) had this to say about Relief Society:

Relief Society [is] the Lord’s organization for women. Relief Society is important to the Lord ... He provided women a safe haven from the harshness of the world when He gave us Relief Society. From the beginning our association together and our direction from priesthood leaders have helped us come unto Christ. There was no greater cause then; there is no greater cause today.
Relief Society was not man-made or woman-made. It was, as President Joseph F. Smith (1838–1918) explained, “divinely made, divinely authorized, divinely instituted, divinely ordained of God to minister for the salvation of the souls of women and of men.” (Bonnie D. Parkin, “Oh, How We Need Each Other!” Ensign, Mar. 2004, 16).

Relief Society and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage

Since the organization of the Church, Mormon women have voted side by side on all questions submitted to the Church membership for vote. This recognition of women was an advanced concept in the 1800s when few American women had political voice.

From 1847 to 1852, Utah women expressed themselves in political elections as well as religous votes. After Utah was admitted by the United States Congress as an official Territory in 1852, the privilege of voting was withdrawn for females.

By 1869, women all over the United States were organizing themselves to demand suffrage. In December 1869, the Wyoming Territorial Legislature granted suffrage to the women of Wyoming. Utah soon followed suit at the urging of Brigham Young, and women in Utah received their suffrage in February 1870 and the right to hold public office in 1880.

On 3 March 1887 women in Utah again lost their right to vote by the passage of anti-polygamy legislation, the Edmunds-Tucker law. Between the years 1887 and 1895, Utah women campaigned aggressively for suffrage and statehood for Utah. Even after the Utah constitution was signed in 1896 by United States President Grover Cleveland granting Utah women the right to vote and hold public office, Relief Society women continued to associate with the National Woman Suffrage movement and sent delegates to National Suffrage Conventions. The Relief Society Magazine reported on the efforts of prominent Mormon suffragettes. They worked earnestly and rejoiced with all American women when the 19th Ammendment was ratified on 26 August 1920 granting complete suffrage to women citizens of the United States.

Relief Society and the National Council of Women

The Relief Society was a charter member of the National Council of Women in the United States in 1888 and worked along side its leaders to effect reform. Some of the Council's founding members include Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Clara Barton. The Council's mission statement has remained the same since 1888 and is as follows:

"We, the women of the United States, sincerely believe that the best good of our homes and nation will be advanced with our greater unity of thought and purpose that an organized movement of women will best conserve the highest good of the family and state, do hereby band ourselves together in a confederation of workers committed to the overthrow of all forms of ignorance and injustice, and to the Golden Rule of society, custom and law." (National Council of Women in the United States Mission Statement)

Some of the reforms worked for by the Council include suffrage, dress reform, women's education, and economic issues. At the National Council of Women exhibit at the Century of Progress Fair in Chicago in 1932, Mormon women gave a demonstration on the monumental accomplishments of women in the previous one hundred years. (Cannon, Elaine Anderson, "Young Women", Encyclopedia of Mormonism)

The association continued, and Relief Society General President Belle S. Spafford served as president of the National Council of Women from 1968-1970.

Relief Society and the Equal Rights Amendment (1971-1982)

The Mormon Church and Relief Society were official and active opponents to Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposals made in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States. The Equal Rights Amendment was a proposal to amend the United States Constitution adding the provisions: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article." It was assumed by many that the Amendment would be certain to pass. In fact, the Amendment had passed both the US House and Senate with no changes by 1972 and only needed ratification by a two-thirds majority of states to become law.

As the implications of ERA became known, conservative groups, including the Mormon Church, opposed the Amendment on the grounds that it would cause the violation of protections given under current laws to women. While maintaining that "The place of woman in the Church is to walk beside the man, not in front of him nor behind him, " ("Frequently Asked Questions about the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: A Closer Look," Ensign, Mar. 1980, 5), Church officials raised concerns related to potential effects of the loosely worded proposal, including women being required to give compulsory miliary servce, homosexual marriage, a male's financial responsibilities for children he fathered, and abortion.

Relief Society General President, Barbara B. Smith, actively campaigned against ERA and appeared on television to promote the Church's official position. Relief Society sisters Church-wide were mobilized to campaign against ERA. Fourteen thousand Mormon women attended the International Women's Year meeting in Salt Lake City and voted down all ERA proposals in June 1977. Similar events occurred in Hawaii and Washington state, where high Mormon attendance at IWY meetings disrupted ERA proposals, also during 1977.

In April 1981, the National Organization of Women (NOW) sent "Feminist Missionaries" to Utah to promote the Amendment in a door to door campaign. By 1982, not enough states had ratified the Amendment and efforts by the Relief Society to stop its passage ended.

Presidents of the Relief Society

References

  • The Relief Society General Board Association, History of Relief Society 1842-1966, 1966.
  • National Organization of Women, Chronology of the Equal Rights Amendment
  • Derr, Cannon, and Beecher; Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society; Deseret Book Company; 1992. ISBN 0-87579-593-5

External links

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